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Page 1

Nov. 17, 1931. L. ¢. KARRICK 1,832,219
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR SUPERHEATING STEAM

Filed July 5, 1928

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Page 2

Patented Nov. 17, 1931 | 1 832. 219

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

ee
LEWIS C. KARRICE, OF SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR, SUPERHEATING STEAM
Application filed July 5, 1928, ° Serial No. 290,352.

This invention relates to a process and ap- of the coke may be rapidly yeacted upon to.
paratus for superheatin: steam to high tem- form water gas. ‘At the lowest temperatures
peratures jn contact witl certain reacting Te. of formation the water-gas reaction yields 9
agents which serve’ to protect the metals of large amount of carbon dioxide which may
which the superheater is constructed, and, by oxodize the iron of the superheater within 50
the chemical reactions which take place atthe certain temperature ranges unless special pre-
higher temperatures, valuable by~ roducts cautions are & plied to oppose jt. The rate
are formed and as % result of these yy-prod- of oxidation of iron by steam in the presence
uets the superheater delivers more. heat at of reactive carbon jo almost negligible below
jo the desired temperatures than would be pos- 1250° F. but, if desired, calorized steel or aD 55
sible if no reagents were used; other advan- alloy of iron and chromium may be used in
tages of my invention are also described in the hottest portions of the tubes. Above
this application. : 4950° F. the carbon dioxide formed may be
There are many, processes in which high largely reduced to carbon. monoxide if a sur-
temperature steam, could be used if suitable plus of carbon is used nd thereby oxidation 60

means were provided for heating the steam is elimi

a

a

‘rom this source 18 eliminated. At still high-
above 900° ¥F. and particularly above 1250° er temperatures poth the steam and carbon
F. The distillation of carbonaceous mar dioxide are readily reduced to hydrogen an
terials such as oil shale and coals or wood carbon monoxide jn any proportion desire

20 may be effected by jnternal heating with by proper control of temperatures and the 65
steam above 900° ¥! and these same materials proportioning of the carbon and steam, an
may be completely gasified jn lump or pul- therefore no serious oxidation takes place
verized form by contacting with steam above since, in all cases, Luse a sufficient quantity of
4250 F. Many new alloys and designs 0’ coke to cause a neutral or only slightly oxidiz-

25 equipment have been attempted for heating in atmosphere in the tubes. 70
‘steam to temperatures above 900° F. wit! n a heat-exchanger, & recuperator Or, as

only Tinfited success due to the difficulty of in this invention which is a steam superheater
combining in the product the elements of wherein heat is caused to flow from hot com-
strength, resistance to oxidation, permanence, pustion gases through @ metal wall to steam
20 and cheapness. By my invention steel, or other ‘fluid, the temperature of the metal 75
calorized steel, ‘and slloys of iron and chro: wall approaches nearest to that of the con-
mium which are readily fabricated may. be tacting gaseous medium which receives OF
used at temperatures ‘considerably higher delivers its heat most readily. . Tf the heat
than has heretofore proved practicable, and capacities © the fluid media are equal then
the latter two materials may be used, suc- the metal temperature approaches that of 80
cessfully above 450° F. and as much higher the medium that moves the fastest along the
as the strength of the materials and service metal surface. These conditions are applie
conditions permit. jn this invention so as to obtain the greate:

I find that if a chemically reactive eoke, rate of heat transfer, the highest tem erature
40 such as is produced. py the process described of the medium receiving heat an lowest 85
in my application, Serial No. 69,300, oF other metal temperature for any given temperature
similar coke is introduced in ‘pulverized form. and velocity of movement of the combustion
into the superheater with the steam, 2 com- gases surrounding the heat exchange 3
pination with the steam takes place rapidly T have found that steam super eated to

45 ‘at temperatures as low as 1250° F. and much various temperatures is very useful in dis- 9

ry
a

Page 3

2
tilling carbonaceous substance by direct con-
tacting with the Material un ergoing de-

structive distillation, Also, hot water-gas is
equally useful for

10 b

15

of the carbon dioxide contained in blue gas

20

superheated by assing i
tubes at high velo

combustion
the tubes, sy

2

o

80 ing the tubes, T

steam to 1950° F. while the gases
ing the tubes were less than 2200¢
hottest points,

surround-

35

attain chemi-
#0 cal equilibri LY be transmitted through

‘the walls of the tubes, uch of the heating

is obtained by the-steam as in ordi ary steam

superheaters but in my invention consider-
heat is absorbed by the dust Particles
from wall radiation and es ecially by the
dust rubbing the walls of the
tube at very high velocities.

e heat-consuming reaction may Teduce te:

considerably the temperature of the result-

50 ing fluids and this ig most noticeable when I

55

place, OWever, when
steam, or both, are completely consumed the
resulting products may be raised to any de-
sired temperature before leavin the device,
If there is a
£as will be high in carbon dioxide but if there
1S an excess 9 coke, the resulting pas will con-
§5 tain more carbon m saoxide and 3

60

F. atthe 4;

the Tesulting |

eof higher

1,882,919

fuel value and, obviously, is a highly reduc.
ing atmosphere,

By this process

superheater
uce water-gas of variable com

pulverized car onaceous materials,—prefer.

able low-temperature coke b

dust. The invention is especially useful be-

cause of the fact that the end

with carbonaceous materials it is pos-

steam passed
all the oxygen of the steam is converted to
carbon dioxide. Tz may be otherwise stated

that the heat carried in the

form. Ni ow, if the Conditions imposed are
such that ail the oxygen of the reactin

steam is Converted to carbon monoxide, there
will be delivered two-thirds more Pounds of

heated fluids than the weight of the reacting

28s of the latter f,

: orm because of its
greater fuel value, i

but primaril:

Conserving

By this Process I
taneously generated water-gas

rized coal

have superheated steam’

75

85

90

100

105

- 110

1290

Page 4

1,832,219 3

- gures amply high to transmit it long dis- er. A screw 48 is provided at the lower end
tances through Pipes: : of the shaft 15 to assist in preventing flood-
The hot steam and gases from the super- 19g,0F irregular fow ‘of the aerated or pul-
“heater may also be used in a heat exchanger verized material from the bin 14 into the coal -
5 while ‘under pressure to generate another sup- feeder. 10
ly of steam at lower pressure for use in "A steam jacket 19 surrounds the magazine
another similar superheater, OF, to superheat 12 and a steam pipe 20 leads steam to this
steam instead of using combustion gases as @ jacket. A pipe 91 leads from the jacket 19
source of heat. Any ‘number of these units to @ similar jacket 22 that surrounds the bin
10 or combinations may pe used in series as re- 14 and this jacket is connected to the jacket v6
quired to consume the coal or coke dust at a 28 that surrounds the housing 24 of a coal
power plant, gas works, or coal-treating feeder.” A. valved pipe 25 Jeads from the
lant. 8 jacket 28 into the housing 24 and serves to
The invention will be understood from the maintain a jacket pressure above that used
5 description jn connection with the accom- in the superheater and insures temperature 80
‘panying drawings in which an illustrative inside the magazine and bin higher than the
embodiment of the device is shown for carry- condensing temperature of the steam at the
ing out, the invention. Fig. Lis. vertical sec- superheater pressure, thus obviating any Pos:
tion through an, {llustrative device that may sibility of steam condensing in the two cham-
be used in carrying out the invention ; Fig. 2. bers. "The mechanical screw foeder 26 is lo- 85
jg a section along one ‘of the details on an cated inside of the conveyor housing 24 and
enlarged scale partly broken away} and Fig. is driven from any convenient source 0 pow-
3 is a section along the line 3—3 of Fig. 2 &% by means of the gears 27. - The housing 24
In the drawings reference character 1 indi- ofthe coal feeder leads to ‘the inlet end of the
cates a heater or furnace, preferably circular coil 7 and this coil js:provided with a twisted 90
jn cross section that is provided with an inside ribbon 28, of heat resisting alloy metal, so as
cylindrical portion: or core 2 to provide an to cause a large portion ofthe solid particles
annular space 8 which is of smaller cross sec- to be thrown out against the jnside walls 0;
tion at the top so ‘ag to maintain high velocity the pipe 7 and be carried along jn contact
of combustion gases. The lower. portion of with the same to absorb heat therefrom. 95
the annular space contains checkerwork. 4 The operation is as follows: The hot prod-
of refractory material and burners 5 are pro-- ucts of combustion from the fuel introduce
vided at the lower portion of the furnace 1 through the burners 5 rise in the annular
to project fuel into the annular space where space % and heat the coil 7 and then pass out
35 jt contacts with the checkerwork 4 and under- hrough the outlet 9. A patch of pulverized 100
goes combustion. The burners may be gas carbonaceous material is passed from the
purners that are fed from a gas, manifold 6. hopper 10 into the magazine 12 while the
T do not limit my invention to this manner of valve 13 is closed. The valve 11 is then closed
heating and in some, cases 1 would prefer to and the valve 18 opened, whereupon the pul-
heat electrically, during off peak periods and verized carbonaceous material passes into the 105
the tube would become the electrical resister pin 14 as the contents of pin 14 enter the coil

-
ry

20

Ba

30

40

peing imbedded in a heat jnsulating material, 7- After magazine. 12 is empty the valve 13

a, power line being attached to the coil 7 as is closed and a new charge is introduced into

shown at 7” and a. The coil 7 may be im- the magazine and the operations repeated as

3 bedded in insulating yaaterial such as jow described. The stirrer arms 16 keep the ma- 0
temperature coke having reducing properties, terial agitated so that it will become quickly

jf desired, and be prevented from grounding heated from contacting with the hot walls
py using insulating gaskets in the connections and will maintain ® fluidized condition. The
with the pipes Teading to and from the screw conveyor 96 feeds the material into

50 gasifier. : . the tube 7 at the desired rate and at the same 115
‘A tube coil 7 of jarge radius and with no time steam that has entered through the pipe
sharp turns is installed in the annular space 90 and passed through the jackets 19, 92 and
3 and the convolutions thereof are spaced and 93 passes together with the powdered carbo-
supported by means of the vertically extend- naceous material and any water from conden-

ing supports g, A chimney oF outlet 9 is’ sation of steam ynto the coil 7 where the water 120
rovided at the top of the furnace. js evaporated ‘and the mixture is heated dur-
A coal hopper 0 for pulverized coal or in which the desired reactions are caused to
coke or other carbonaceous material leads tale place. The superheated steam and other
through the ‘valved outlet 11 to a magazine products pass out threugh the exit end 29 of

6C 49 from which, a valved outlet 18 leads te the coil 7 and may ‘be cleaned and separated 125
the bin 14. A stirrer shaft 15 extends through into its constituents in any of the convenient
the magazine 49 and bin 14 and is provided ‘and well known ways or the sensible heat
with blades or arms 16 for stirring the ma- of the products can be used for the different
terial. The shaft is driven by means of the purposes described herein. Lhave used steam

85 goars 17 from any convenient source of pow- Melacities above 600 feet per second. The 130

>

Page 5

4 : 1,882,219

desired pressure may be maintained in the contents of said tube at substantially their

coil 7 because either the valve 13 or the valve highest attained temperature,

11 is aways closed. When this valve 18 is 5. The process o; superheating steam in
ceding 21d eel of material contact with solid carbonaceous material

the bin 14, the which ‘comprises introducing the solid car--70

e closed at this time, The carbonaceous together with steam under pressure into a
material will become heated while Passing , tul heating the contents from the outside,
through the magazine 12 and bin 14 and the regulating the amount of steam and car-

10 temperature of this material in the conveyor bonaceous material, introduced Per unit of 765
housing 24 will be sufficiently high to pre- time, and causing the tube contents to rotate
vent steam from condensing. “Some conden- at increasing velocity while assing through
sation of steam will take place in the jackets snid tube and with gradual changee of direc-
19, 22 and 93 by heat given up in heating tion,

15-the carbonaceous materials and by radiation 6. The process of superheating steam to 80
losses, but any water derived from these high temperatures in contact with carbong-
sources or from the stéam lines will be evap- ceous material which comprises heating said
orated in the upper part of the superheater, material by means of the latent heat of steam
I may use any other reacting ingredient be- and introducing the carbonaceous materials

20 sides coke. in finely divided form together with steam 85

claim: . under pressure into a tube, heating the tube

1. The process of supetheating steam from the outside, and regulating the amount
within metal tubes to hig! temperatures in of. steam and carbonaceous Material intro.
contact with solid carbonaceous material duced per unit of time,

25 which comprises mixing solid carbonaceous 7. The process: of superheating steam jn 90
materials in finely divided form. together contact with a reactive low-temperature coke
with steam under Pressure and at a high ve- which comprises heatin, and introducing
locity and applying sufficient heat so thatthe coke continuously in finely divided form to.
steam and carbonaceous materials react gether with steam under pressure and high

30 chemically substantially instantaneously to velocity into the superheater, heating the con: 95

materials maintains clean inner surfaces of and carbonaceous material to react chemical-
said tubes. . ly, exhausting the contents of the superheater

a "2. The Process of superheating steam under high pressure, 100
within metal tubes to high temperatures in 8 Ina device for superheating steam in
contact with solid carbonaceous materials contact with carbonaceous material, tube in
which comprises introducing the solid car- form of a coi » Means for introducing
‘bonaceous materials in finely divided form steam and finely divided solid carbonaceous

1250° F, and effecting a chemical combina- contents, so that the steam and carbonaceous
tion of said solid carbonaceous material with material react substantially instantaneously
the steam. to form water gas. ’

6 3. The process of superheating steam to 9. In a device for Superheating steam jn 140
high temperatures in contact with solid car-. contact with solid carbonaceous material, a
bonaceous material which comprises intro- large radius tube in the form of a coil with
ducing the solid carbonaceous materials in straight tangentially disposed inlet and out-

60 finely divided form together with steam un-: let extensions, means for introducing steam . “
der pressure into a tube, and heating the tube and finely divided solid carbonaceous mate. 18

straight inlet and outlet extensions of the tube t-

. : passing directly out of the furnace.
Zones and removing the resulting products at 10. In a device for superheating steam in

the point of highest velocity of flow. in Contact with solid carbonaceous material, a
4. The process of superheating steam in large radius tube in the form of a coil with
6 contact with carbonaceous material which straight tangentially disposed inlet and out- 4s
comprises introducing solid carbonaceous let extensions, means for introducing steam
materials in finely divided form together with and finely divided carbonaceous materia] into
steam under pressure into a tube, heating the said tube under Pressure and means to heat
tube to increase the temperature of the con- said tube, said tube being located in an an-
® tents above 1250° F., and withdrawing the nular chamber through which hot &ases are 130

Page 6

1,882,219

assed countercurrent to the flow of the con-
Fents of the superbeater, said straight inlet
and outlet extensions of the coil passing i-
rectly out of the hot gas chamber.
5 il In a device
contact with solid carbonaceous material, @
jarge radius tube in the form of a coil, means
for introducing steam and ivi
solid carbonaceous material into said tube
under pressure and means to heat said tube,
said tube being Jocated in an annular cham-
ber through which hot gases are passes
countercurrent to the-flow of the contents of
the superheater, and said annular chamber
decreases in area jn the direction of the flow’
of the combustion

19. In a device
contact: with solid carbonaceous ma! rial, a
large radius tube in the form i
straight tangentially disposed inlet and out-
Jet extensions, means for i i
and finely divided solid carbonaceous mate
rial into:said tube under pressure and means
to heat said tube progressively to higher tem-

ratures from inlet to outlet of said tube,
said tube being provided with a twisted alloy
metal ribbon alon the inside of the same, am
with its tangential extensions passing direct-
ly out of said heating means.

43, In a device for superheating steam in
contact with solid carbonaceous material, a
tube, means comprising a steam jacketed
feeder for jntroducing steam and finely di-
vided solid carbonaceous material into sail
tube under pressure and means to heat said
tube.

14, In a device for superheating steam in
contact with solid carbonaceous material, a
tube, means for jntroducing steam and finely
divided solid carbonaceous ‘material into said
tube under pressure, means to heat said tube,
and a heated bin for supplying, carbonaceous
material at variable rates to said first named

10

pt

25

30

ceous material into said tube
and means to pass electricity
“tube to heat the same the app’ ication of heat
being such that the velocity of the materi
jn the coil is increas: in
the outlet. :
16. The process of superheating steam at
i ratures in contact with carbone
ceous material which comprises jntroduci
materials in finely divide
ing and preheating device un-
to receive treatment # rein, agi-
am to

stream
into a tube superheater, heating
@ hoster from the outside to high temperature

the direction of.

s

and causing the solid particles to move in
continuous contact with the inside walls of
the tube.

17. The process of generating and super-
heating steam in contact with solid carbona-
ceous material which compris mixing solid
carbonaceous materials in finely divided form.

qd together with steam and water ‘under pressure

and causing them .to flow together at high ve-
locity while 9 plying sufficient heat to effect
superheat of the Steam, and effecting the sub-

stantially instantaneous formation of water

gas. ‘
LEWIS C. KARRICK.

70

75

85

90

95

100

105 —

0

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