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Open Access Library Journal
Enigmatic E-Cat of Andrea Rossi and the
Unitary Quantum Theory
Leo G. Sapogin1, Vladimir A. Dzhanibekov2, Yuri A. Ryabov3
1
Department of Physics, Technical University (MADI), Moscow, Russia
2
Department of Cosmophysics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
3
Department of Mathematics, Technical University (MADI), Moscow, Russia
Received 17 June 2016; accepted 24 July 2016; published 28 July 2016
Copyright © 2016 by authors and OALib.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Abstract
In this article we are discussing the nature and mechanism of the huge amount of heat generation
in Megawatts Energy Catalyzers (E-cat) of Andrea Rossi that are able to change the energetics of
our civilization in general. These processes are new effects of Unitary Quantum Theory and do not
relate to either chemical or nuclear reactions or phase transfer.
Keywords
E-Cat, Nickel Powder, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Quantum Harmonic Oscillator, Unitary Quantum
Mechanics
Subject Areas: Modern Physics
Today the science world is agitated by E-Cat of Andrea Rossi that is simply a pressurized ceramic tube with the
nickel powder and Hydrogen inside. Under current this tube warms up and generates heat 3 - 50 times more than
consumes. And as we are speaking about Megawatts any manipulation is hardly possible. Few official scientific
commissions have concluded that nuclear reactions cannot generate such amount of energy. And even the iso-
topic composition of Nickel remains stable and heat generation looks absolutely mysterious that does not impede
the using of these energy catalyzes.
This great technically implemented idea has long history. In 1983 one of the authors (L.S.) published first ar-
ticle in Russian popular science magazine (The Technics for a Yang) and described in plain language the new
Unitary Quantum Theory of the World—UQT. According to this UQT [1]-[4] the particle was not a point (we
can say nothing intelligible about a pointeven want to), but it was a bunch (a wave packet) of some unitary field.
During his movement this wave packet periodically appears and disappears at de Broglier length wave. Schroe-
dinger and Dirac equations are derived from this theory [5]. At the same time the UQT has an equation with
How to cite this paper: Sapogin, L.G., Dzhanibekov, V.A. and Ryabov, Y.A. (2016) Enigmatic E-Cat of Andrea Rossi and the
Unitary Quantum Theory. Open Access Library Journal, 3: e2833. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1102833Page 2
L. G. Sapogin et al.
oscillating charge [6] for individual particle that perfectly describes nearly every quantum effect and predicts the
possibility of low-energy nuclear reactions existence, as well as some absolutely new effects resulting from new
solutions for quantum oscillator. It’s interesting but the editors have delayed every statement about possibility of
nuclear reactions at low energies from the text of this article and the author has to return this information during
galley proof. Six years later in the 1989 Fleischmann and Pons were conducting electrolysis of heavy water on
the surface of a palladium coil and generated an anomalous heat. Fleischmann and Pons understood that chemi-
cal reactions on palladium could not be responsible for such heat effects and they announced the presence of
D+D nuclear reactions in their experiments. But other Nuclear Physicists neglected heat effects; they rushed into
determination of microscopic products of nuclear reactions that could not be responsible for heat generation.
Fleischmann and Pons were declared swindlers, moreover they had to emigrate. In 1995 one of the authors (L.S.)
met Mr. Fleischmann in Monte-Carlo and asked him 2 questions:
1) Did they try to conduct electrolysis on palladium in common water and did the excess heat generation re-
tain? His reply was positive. It makes clear that in this situation nuclear reactions should be eliminated.
2) What had happened to palladium after experiment? The reply was that it reduced to the finest powder.
Then the situation became more interesting. The thermal cell CETI (created by James Patterson in 1995), us-
ing electrolyze of specially manufactured nickel bolls in common water, had shocked scientists in USA. Ameri-
can newspaper “Fortean Times” No 85, 1995, wrote about it: “December the 4th, 1995 will go down to history!”
At that day the group of independent experts from five American Universities tested the work of new energy
source with stable output heat rating 1.3 KWatt. The electric energy input was 960 times less.” All experts noted
that generated heat had enigmatic origin and would be explained neither by chemical or nuclear reactions nor by
phase transfer. By American АВС TV there were two telecasts at 7th and 8th of February, 1996 in cycles “Night-
line” and “Good Morning America” about Patterson creation of new source of energy, able to generate in hun-
dred times more energy than it had consumed. And again it were accentuated that the origin of generated heat
remains mysterious.
In terms of UQT [1]-[7] this thermal effect is able because the Conservation Laws appear only after averaging
of particles’ ensemble. Conservation Laws do not work for single particles at all and the character of their beha-
vior depends on initial phase of the wave function that is never taken into consideration by standard quantum
mechanics.
Equation with oscillating charge is the same Newton equation for the charge movement in external potential,
where charge value depends on time, velocity and coordinates [5]-[7]. Two new solutions called “Crematorium”
and “Maternity Home” (Figure 1) appear during harmonic oscillator problem solving in addition to standard
stationary solutions.
In the first solution a particle oscillates in potential well with exponential decrease of energy, in the second –
its energy increases (infinitely for parabolic well). Grains of Nickel (it could be grains or finest crystals) in E-cat
have caverns with size of tens Angstroms (they work as potential wells); proton of adequate phase can penetrate
inside a cavern. Heat is generated in these caverns under terms of “Maternity Home” as the result of protons
numerous knocks on cavern’s walls.
The scenarios of these processes depend on the wave function phase, geometry of cavern, time, coordinate
and velocity of proton. It’s clear that in the result of protons’ knocks the small grains of Nickel are milled to
finest powder. Apparently catalyst degradation or even termination of it activity in time are result of caverns
Figure 1. Solution for quantum harmonic oscillators in UQT.
OALibJ | DOI:10.4236/oalib.1102833 2 July 2016 | Volume 3 | e2833Page 3
L. G. Sapogin et al.
destruction but chemists call it “catalyst poisoning”. Of course poisoning can occur if any foreign atom sticks in
cavern.
Absolutely the same scenario we have for Nitrogen in production of Ammonia. At standard terms molecular
of Nitrogen is nearly inert. It can react with Hydrogen only in atomic state. But transformation of molecular Ni-
trogen into atomic require a lot of energy. It looks like: molecular of Nitrogen penetrates into catalyst cavern and
it terms of “Maternity Home” two free atoms of Nitrogen leave cavern and immediately joint protons (Figure 2).
That is to the point the universal and the sole mechanism [7] of any heterogeneous catalytic reactions able to
explain for example universality of catalytic properties of spongy platinum in every chemical process, for the
first time noticed by M. Faraday. We should also note that thanks to UQT we have obtained a number of unique
results including calculation of the mass of elementary particles [9] and constant of fine structure [8]. One can
find all details in book [5]. There are amazing results [10] on catalytic decomposition H2S = H2↑ + S↑ with se-
paration of the heat and catalytic reaction H2 + S = H2S also with separation of the heat! These reactions do not
require any additional energy. But from the point of chemical thermodynamics that is evident infringement of
the Energy Conservation Law! According to modern conception no catalyst adds any energy to the catalyzed
process. But practice shows that it does! The catalyst adds energy to the process. And the only rational explana-
tion of this fact gives new solutions for quantum oscillator in UQT. This example is not singular in the chemi-
stry of catalysis. Specialists of catalysis are used to deal with excess heat generation; nevertheless they are
“normally” ignoring this fact to avoid reputation of “ignoramus” in simple thermodynamic calculations. The role
of catalyst in modern chemistry of catalysis should be revised. And that was done in [6] [7].
We should also mention the astonishing experimental results of A. Samgin and A. Baraboshkin (Russia, In-
stitute of High-temperature Electro-Chemistry RAS, Ekaterinburg) [11] [12] and of Т. Mizuno [13] (Japan).
They have used, apparently independently one from each other, some special proton-conductive ceramics able to
generate the thermal energy thousands time more than energy consumption if current runs through it. In some
experiments of Т. Mizuno that value exceeded 70,000(!). In private talk with one of the authors (L.S.) Т. Mizu-
no said that he was worried to get sick with radiation sickness due to exposure of radiation. However no α, β, γ
radiation or nucleus fragments were detected and, consequently, nuclear processes (fusion) were not responsible
for such energy liberation. Such proton-conductive (to be more correct—deuteron-conductive) ceramics was
created with of a powder metallurgy method by agglomeration at high temperature. In other words all chemical
processes had finished long ago. The origin of such a great quantity of excess energy is unexplainable in the
framework of usual science, because it cannot be explained either by nuclear or chemical reactions or by phase
transfer. The authors of that experiment thought that reactions of nuclear fusion like D + D took place. At our
request A. Samgin exchanged deuterium for hydrogen in his experiments. If that great energy generation were
Figure 2. Oscillation of Nitrogen molecule in potential well of catalyst.
OALibJ | DOI:10.4236/oalib.1102833 3 July 2016 | Volume 3 | e2833Page 4
L. G. Sapogin et al.
had to do with nuclear D-D reactions all anomalous heat efficiency would disappear, but it remained valid. After
so great energy emission the tablet went to finest powder.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Profs. A. S. Bogomolov, V. A. Boichenko, V. V. Graboshnikov, A. A. Kostin, M. A. Mo-
kulsky, E. N. Maximov, V. I. Utchastkinfor useful discussion.
References
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